ABSTRACT:Business ethics research has long been interested in understanding the conditions under which ethical consumption is consistent versus context-dependent. Extant research suggests that many consumers fail to make consistent ethical consumption decisions and tend to engage in ethical decisions associated with ingroup identity cues. To fill this gap, four experiments examine how construal levels moderate the influence of ingroup versus outgroup identity cues in ethical consumption. The studies support the contention that when consumers use concrete construal to process information, they (...) will focus on ingroup cues and make ethical consumption decisions that are aligned with ingroup biases. However, when consumers use abstract construal, they will act more consistently with their inner goals rather than focusing on ingroup and outgroup cues. Social goodwill, which indicates desires to give back to society, is identified as mediating the effects. The findings have important implications for ethical consumption and social influence literature. (shrink)

Objective: To identify factors that predict physicians’ intent to comply with the American Medical Association’s ethical guidelines on gifts from the pharmaceutical industry.Methods: A survey was designed and mailed in June 2004 to a random sample of 850 physicians in Florida, USA, excluding physicians with inactive licences, incomplete addresses, addresses in other states and pretest participants. Factor analysis extracted six factors: attitude towards following the guidelines, subjective norms , facilitating conditions , profession-specific precedents , individual-specific precedents and intent. Multivariate regression (...) modelling was conducted.Results: Surveys were received from 213 physicians representing all specialties, with a net response rate of 25.5%. 62% of respondents were aware of the guidelines; 50% had read them. 48% thought that following the guidelines would increase physicians’ credibility and professional image; 68% agreed that it was important to do so. Intent to comply was positively associated with attitude, subjective norms, facilitators and sponsorship of continuing medical education events, while individual-specific precedents had a negative relationship with intent to comply. Predictors of intent were attitude, subjective norms, the interaction term , sponsorship of CME events and individual-specific precedents.Conclusions: Physicians are more likely to follow the AMA guidelines if they have positive attitudes towards the guidelines, greater subjective norms, fewer expectations of CME sponsorship and fewer individual-specific precedents. Physicians believing that important individuals or organisations expect them to comply with the guidelines are more likely to express intent, despite having fewer beliefs that positive outcomes would result through compliance. (shrink)

The shooting bias hypothesis aims to explain the disproportionate number of minorities killed by police. We present the evidence mounting in support of the existence of shooting bias and then focus on two dissenting studies. We examine these studies in light of Biddle and Leuschner’s “inductive risk account of epistemically detrimental dissent” and conclude that, although they meet this account only partially, the studies are in fact epistemically and socially detrimental as they contribute to racism in society and to a (...) social atmosphere that is hostile to science as scholars working on issues of racism come under attack. We emphasize this final point via recourse to Kitcher’s “Millian argument against the freedom of research.”. (shrink)

The growing body of research on interdisciplinarity has encouraged a more in depth analysis of the relations that hold among academic disciplines. In particular, the incursion of one scientific discipline into another discipline’s traditional domain, also known as scientific imperialism, has been a matter of increasing debate. Following this trend, Scientific Imperialism aims to bring together philosophers of science and historians of science interested in the topic of scientific imperialism and, in particular, interested in the conceptual clarification, empirical identification, and (...) normative assessment of the idea of scientific imperialism. Thus, this innovative volume has two main goals. Indeed, the authors first seek to understand interdisciplinary relations emerging from the incursion of one scientific discipline into one or more other disciplines, such as in cases in which the conventions and procedures of one discipline or field are imposed on other fields; or more weakly when a scientific discipline seeks to explain phenomena that are traditionally considered proper of another discipline’s domain. Secondly, the authors explore ways of distinguishing imperialistic from non-imperialistic interactions between disciplines and research fields. (shrink)

Gender bias is a recalcitrant problem in academia and society. However, dissent has been created on this issue. We focus on dissenting studies by Stephen J. Ceci and Wendy M. Williams, arguing that they reach conclusions that are unwarranted on the basis of the available evidence and that they ignore fundamental objections to their methodological decisions. Drawing on discussions from other contexts, particularly on manufactured dissent concerning anthropogenic climate change, we conclude that dissent on gender bias substantially contributes to the (...) exacerbation of biases in society and an increasing number of attacks on researchers, making it both epistemically and socially problematic. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to uncover some of the limitations that critical contextual empiricism, and in particular Longino's contextualism, faces when trying to provide a normative account of scientific knowledge that is relevant to current scientific research. After presenting the four norms of effective criticism, I show how the norms have limited scope when dealing with cases of current scientific practices. I then present some historical evidence for the claim that the organization of science has changed in recent (...) decades, and I argue that the uncovered limitations emerge from this larger phenomenon. Finally, I conclude by suggesting two ways to overcome the previously uncovered limitations. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false ES-CO X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} One of the central themes of political philosophy is Bobbian democracy. In consequence there are many approaches to the philosopher Turin along its vast bibliography. In this article it would not be possible to make more (...) than a brief tour on this extensive topic which deals with Bobbio. Our proposal is the focus on some of the aspects that can bring us closer to the nucleus of Bobbian thought about democracy and its vicissitudes, which itself would justify an completely autonomous line of investigation. In these lines I shall do more exact those dimensions which deal with the concept of democracy in Bobbio. Then, the objective is linking this concept with the sense and importance enjoyed in the concept of political participation in the context of his political work, in which the concept of activae civitatis is of an outstanding position. (shrink)

La mayor complejidad para acercar la ética y la gestión pública es el desconocimiento epistemológico de la naturaleza no científica de los constructos que intentan hacer una reflexión seria de los quehaceres que les ocupan. En el trabajo se indagan las posibles ideologizaciones que se alojan tanto en una y otra disciplina, para proponer, a guisa de apuesta, que si se asume la inmersión de ambas en el discurso capitalista se las flexiona a favor del primero. Sólo la subversión del (...) espíritu crítico haría posible remontar los individualismos, previo reconocimiento de la esencia cultural de lo humano, para, desde allí, encontrar las vinculaciones más legítimas posibles, lo que se ejemplifica con los ingenios filosóficos de Margalit y Freud. (shrink)

Este trabajo realiza una interpretación de las teorías sobre las variedades del capitalismo resaltando sus implicaciones para la innovación, en especial para los procesos de transferencia de conocimiento entre la universidad y la empresa. Los estudios de las variedades del capitalismo señalan la importancia de la arquitectura institucional para la competitividad de los países. El debate pone de relieve las complementariedades institucionales como concepto útil en términos teóricos para explicar los procesos de desarrollo, así como necesidad de anclar el análisis (...) institucional en datos empíricos. Estos enfoques son un complemento teórico importante para enmarcar los estudios sobre innovación, donde los procesos de transferencia de conocimiento se consideren uno de los aspectos esenciales del impulso de las innovaciones. El artículo realiza una revisión crítica de tres enfoques sobre variedades de capitalismo: el estudio precursor de Hall y Soskice, el de los sistemas empresariales de Whitley y el enfoque de la gobernanza de Amable y Boyer. Para cada uno de ellos se extraen corolarios que permiten conectarlos con los procesos de transferencia de conocimiento. El resultado señala que el foco central de atención a la empresa debe complementarse con un enfoque sistémico que permite ver la amplia gama de actores, donde la universidad se convierte en uno de los más relevantes. La intervención del gobierno es esencial en la configuración de un comportamiento innovador de los actores, para fomentar y promover el uso de diferentes mecanismos de transferencia de conocimiento. (shrink)

We study the SIS and SIRI epidemic models discussing different approaches to compute the thresholds that determine the appearance of an epidemic disease. The stochastic SIS model is a well known mathematical model, studied in several contexts. Here, we present recursively derivations of the dynamic equations for all the moments and we derive the stationary states of the state variables using the moment closure method. We observe that the steady states give a good approximation of the quasi-stationary states of the (...) SIS model. We present the relation between the SIS stochastic model and the contact process introducing creation and annihilation operators. For the spatial stochastic epidemic reinfection model SIRI, where susceptibles S can become infected I, then recover and remain only partial immune against reinfection R, we present the phase transition lines using the mean field and the pair approximation for the moments. We use a scaling argument that allow us to determine analytically an explicit formula for the phase transition lines in pair approximation. (shrink)

This book intends to make known, in a detailed but accessible way to the general public, an old idea, but which has had a renewed interest in recent years: the proposal of attributing an unconditional basic income for all. This idea, often discarded and disqualified for allegedly belonging to the mere domain of utopia, understood in a pejorative sense as something unrealizable, has been the target of the interest of many people (academics, politicians, businesspeople, activists and, of course, all citizens (...) concerned with the common good) is presented as being feasible through several concrete experiences and pilot projects. (shrink)

The article examines the idea that commercialized science is a central factor in the erosion of trust in science. I claim that commercial interests have a negative impact on the trustworthiness of...

A major purpose of this book is to make the post-Hamblin work on fallacies available to a wider audience in a single, convenient volume.

In recent decades, philosophers of science have become increasingly concerned with the social dimensions of scientific knowledge. Philosophers such as Helen Longino, Philip Kitcher, Miriam Solomon, Heather Douglas, and Janet Kourany have sought to incorporate the social aspects of science, while retaining the normative commitments of philosophy of science. Some of the major theoretical approaches in social epistemology of science, however, tend to ignore or underestimate the role that the current state of science organization plays in the production of scientific (...) knowledge.1 The world has changed significantly in recent decades, and science has changed with it. The.. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to clarify the concept of scientific ignorance: what is it, what are its sources, and when is it epistemically detrimental to science. While some sources of scientific ignorance come inevitably with the process of knowledge acquisition, others are deliberately created. The former includes selection processes, inductive reasoning, and cognitive biases, while the latter includes scientific fraud. Another important source of scientific ignorance appears when scientists introduce methodological biases through micro-decisions in the research process. I (...) provide three examples from medical research to illustrate this point. I argue further that methodological biases present a challenge, in so far as they are no easily classifiable as deliberate: they might also be the result of entrenched research practices within a scientific community. Strategies to identify and prevent methodological biases in research should take into account such difference. (shrink)

RESUMO -/- Faz-se uma comparação entre as abordagens de Hume e de Matias Aires no que concerne à vaidade e seus efeitos sobre a vida humana. O propósito é divulgar as idéias do filósofo brasileiro Matias Aires e revelar o que poderia ser uma falha importante na explicação filosófica humiana da experiência religiosa. -/- ABSTRACT -/- A comparison is made between Hume's and Matias Aires' approaches concerning vanity and its effects on human life. The purpose is to divulge the ideas (...) of the Brazilian philosopher Matias Aires and to reveal what might be an important flaw in the Humean philosophical account of religious experience. (shrink)

The law uses ‘discrimination’ to denote practices of exclusion and distinction that are wrongful from a legal point of view. Anti-discrimination doctrines around the world use the concept of ‘wrongful distinctions’ to enumerate the ways in which irrelevant distinctions between individuals or groups are made and to explain their illegality. But how should the term ‘irrelevant’ be understood in this context? Most legal systems around the world use the term ‘irrelevant’ only in denunciation of distinctions based on ‘common,’ ‘classic,’ or (...) ‘suspicious’ grounds, such as race-based or sex-based distinctions. (shrink)

Following David Hitchcock and Stephen Toulmin, this paper takes warrants to be material inference rules. It offers an account of the form such rules should take that is designed (a) to implement the idea that an argument/inference is valid only if it is entitlement preserving and (b) to support a qualitative version of evidence proportionalism. It attempts to capture what gives warrants their normative force by elaborating a concept of reliability tailored to its account of the form such rules should (...) take. (shrink)

Weisberg and Muldoon’s epistemic landscape model (ELM) has been one of the most significant contributions to the use of agent-based models in philosophy. The model provides an innovative approach to establishing the optimal distribution of cognitive labor in scientific communities, using an epistemic landscape. In the paper, we provide a critical examination of ELM. First, we show that the computing mechanism for ELM is correct insofar as we are able to replicate the results using another programming language. Second, we show (...) that small changes in the rules that determine the behavior of individual agents can lead to important changes in simulation results. Accordingly, we claim that ELM results are robust with respect to the computing mechanism, but not necessarily across parameter space. We conclude by reflecting on the possible lessons to be gained from ELM as a class of simulations or cluster of models. (shrink)

Philosophers of science have become increasingly concerned with the social dimensions of scientific knowledge. The general aim of the paper is to show that approaches in social epistemology of science fail to take into account important changes that the organization of science has undergone in the past decades. I argue that the social organization of science is an important “social dimension” of scientific knowledge that philosophers need to consider. In order to do so, I focus on Helen Longino’s social epistemology (...) of science as portrayed in her critical contextual empiricism. I show that Longino’s approach has important limitations when trying to implement it as a guide for current research through an evaluation of two of her norms of effective criticism. (shrink)

Green republicanism can be described as a subset of republican political theory that aims at promoting human flourishing by ensuring a non-dominating and ecologically sustainable republic. An essential aspect of green republicanism is the promotion of post-productivism while preserving or expanding republican freedom as non-domination. Post-productivism implies the promotion of personal autonomy rather than the pursuit of permanent economic growth and the promotion of labour as an intrinsically positive human activity, which for green republicans will have three positive aspects: reduced (...) ecological impact, more time available for civic participation, and the extension of democratic decision-making and norms to the sphere of production. An important aspect in the definition of a post-productivist society is the way welfare schemes are designed. In this article, I will thus compare the existing welfare regimes with a participation income and with an unconditional basic income, and analyse how they promote green republican goals. I conclude that the current systems are one of the elements of the productivist society and that would not answer the green republican conditions. A green participation income could have a positive ecological impact and contribute to a shift to post-productivism but would face serious challenges from a republican perspective, namely in terms of the non-arbitrariness of its attribution. Finally, I conclude that depending on how it is defined, an unconditional basic income could contribute to post-productivism while being non-arbitrary thus obeying the green republican conditions. (shrink)

Background: Over the last several decades, scientists and social groups have frequently raised concerns about politicization or political interference in regulatory science. Public actors (environmentalists and industry advocates, politically aligned public figures, scientists and political commentators, in the United States as well as in other countries) across major political-regulatory controversies have expressed concerns about the inappropriate politicization of science. Although we share concerns about the politicization of science, they are frequently framed in terms of an ideal of value-free science, according (...) to which political and economic values have no legitimate role to play in science. For several decades, work in philosophy of science has identified serious conceptual and practical problems with the value-free ideal. -/- Objectives: Our objectives are to discuss the literature regarding the conceptual and practical problems with the value-free ideal and offer a constructive alternative to the value-free ideal. -/- Discussion: We first discuss the prevalence of the value-free ideal in regulatory science, then argue that this ideal is self-undermining and has been exploited to delay protective regulation. To offer a constructive alternative, we analyze the relationship between the goals of regulatory science and the standards of good scientific activity. This analysis raises questions about the relationship between methodological and practical standards for good science, tensions among various important social goods, and tensions among various social interests. We argue that the aims of regulatory science help to legitimize value-laden choices regarding research methods and study designs. Finally, we discuss how public deliberation, adaptive management, and community-based participatory research can be used to improve the legitimacy of scientists as representatives of the general public on issues of environmental knowledge. -/- Conclusions: Reflecting on the aims of regulatory science—such as protecting human health and the environment, informing democratic deliberation, and promoting the capacities of environmental justice and Indigenous communities—can clarify when values have legitimate roles in regulatory science. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Grieving One More TimeNeethi Pinto"The deeper sorrow carves into your being, the more joy you can contain."—Kahlil GibranI take care of very sick children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). When a child dies, grief strikes in three distinct waves. First, I grieve for the child we couldn't heal, the unfairness, and the complete and utter sadness of a life cut too short. Then, I grieve for (...) the survivors—the families whose lives will be changed forever and who must find the strength to go on. It's not until later, in solitude, that I am able to grieve a third time—this time by and for myself.As clinicians, we are also survivors. Yet, our culture in medicine rarely affords us the permission or the grace to unpack the depth of the sorrow and grief we regularly witness and suffer. Instead, we must summon up the fortitude to take care of the child in the next room before we can pause and process our grief. As a field, we have been more intentional about having "hot" (soon after the event) and "cold" (days to weeks later) debriefings, but these short conversations about our shared experience are limited. The sheer reality of our day-to-day lives in the PICU is that the next critically ill patient is waiting.My processing of grief happens when I replay the events leading up to the patient's death over and over and over again. Was there something I missed? Could I have done better? In fact, I teach my medical students, pediatric residents, and PICU fellows that this very questioning makes us better physicians—as long as we don't let our second-guessing or fear of making a mistake paralyze our actions in the future.Little did I know I would grieve a fourth time …"How would you feel if this was your daughter?" These words were harshly spoken by my patient's father, a former police officer, the day his daughter died of respiratory failure. I had cared for her on many occasions during her prolonged admission, including that very sad last day. Undoubtedly, he was grieving, but I could feel his anger when he interrogated me. I wondered if he remembered how he profusely thanked me for caring for his daughter when we first met or the many times our team had resuscitated her, saving her life. I spent countless hours at her bedside, during the day, in the middle of the night, away from my own young family. Sure, these hours—nights, weekends, and holidays—are "part of the job," but I chose a career in pediatric critical care because of a commitment to caring for the most medically vulnerable children—the sickest of the sick—despite these hours. As pediatric intensivists, we have a unique opportunity to help children and their families at the most harrowing times in their lives—when they face the possibility of death. Although we know at the outset that some children will not survive, the grief we experience when a child dies still runs deep. It hurts every single time. In this case, my profound grief was exacerbated by the father's hostility. One year later, my sorrow deepened when I answered my doorbell at home to find a police officer handing me a subpoena for a malpractice lawsuit regarding this child's death—a delivery intended to intimidate me. I found myself grieving a fourth time—grieving for the loss of joy—joy that had been central to my identity as a physician. [End Page 72]Then, the feeling of shame crept in and haunted me. I always understood that I entered a high-risk/high-stakes field where children die because of the severity of their illness despite state-of-the-art medicine and technology. Over the years, I've learned that not only is it rewarding to help a child survive critical illness but it is incredibly moving to forge an intense human connection with families when their children are dying. So, my shame was not due to a sense of failure in preventing this child's death but rather due to the... (shrink)

A coherent and helpful public policy based on science is difficult to achieve for at least three reasons. First, there are purely practical problems—for example, that scientific experts often disagree on policy-relevant questions and their debates often continue well beyond policy appropriate timelines. Second, there are epistemic problems—for example, that science is hardly the neutral supplier of factual information that traditionally has been supposed. And third, there are social problems: given the commercialization of today’s science and its enduring limitations, much (...) of scientific research today fails to meet the moral and political standards one would expect it to meet in order to inform public policy. In this paper, we examine such problems in the context of breast cancer screening policy and suggest the role philosophy of science should play in dealing with the situation. (shrink)